PT 1 French & Indian War

Pt. 1

1)What was the significance of the Forks of the Ohio to each of the competing groups?

            Both groups territory are creeping closer and closer to the Forks of the Ohio River. Whoever gets this piece of land will be in an excellent position of trade.

2)Why would the British be concerned by the French forts west of the Appalachian Mountains?

            The British were slowly being closed in by the French. They had no room to expand their land or colonies if the French were shutting them in.

3)Which Indians had claims to land at the Forks of the Ohio?

            A small fraction of the Iroqouis League were in control. The area’s natives were lead by the Half King.

4) List important individuals in this segment.

            George Washington, the Half King, Numinville, Edward Braddock

5) What qualities did George Washington display as a young military leader? Which of these helped him succeed in his military career?

            He was eager, persistant, believed in disclipline, and had status in Virginia. The strictly disciplined training later helped the untrained civilian soldiers. 

1^st world war

in Britain 7 years war

France and Britain have been enemies for a while

George Washington sparked the war

He goes on a diplomatic mission to tell French they cannot build a Fort in the Pitsburg area. His Native American allies ended up killing a French Captain, this gave the British the excuse to start war

Movie

How war starts?

Spring 1752

            Colonists from Virginia are coming to Ohio Country to bargn for land

            French & British both want Fork of Ohio River – present day Pittsburg

            Natives don’t want to sell, except possibly now The Half King

            Most of region Natives prefer French

            Half King wants Brit for allies for trading

Half King’s people driven out of home – 3000 or so now Conneticut River is home

Not the most powerful ruled by Iroqouis league

If he trades /deals w/ Brits he declares his independence

            Native rely on Euros for survival

            Wampum must be passed in ceremonial right before stuff

            Virginia envoys must win In over, kiss ass like no other

                        They get Half King’s support

                                    They will build a fort in the coming spring @ Forks in River

            Two Empires Fren & Brit encroaching on Connecticut River

            French have Brits almost bottled in

                        Worried about the spread of Britain

1753 – Washington journies to the north in the beginning of Winter

            French tell him No way will they leave the Forks of Virginia

French troops take the Fort @ Forks

                        Half King appears weak so he must get revenge

Half King agrees to be Washington’s ally to turn Brits & French against each other

1754 - Washington 22 in French & Indian, a young Major

            Accidentaly kills a French envoy of PEACE

The Half King a leader of natives – he leads them to plunder the wounded French. Numinville is one killed

            Kills French wounded for revenge

Half King leaves Washington because he believes Washinton is to Naieve

4^th July French and Native Allies attack Fort Neccesity, temp fort

            Wash. Tries to fight European style FAIL

            Large rain makes Wash. FAIL

French General makes treaty           

            Numinville brother is translator for Wash.

Conviction of assasination of Numinville diplomat is in document

            Half King assasinated within months because of his FAIL in choice

The natives are scared of how enroaching Brtis & French are

1755 - French & Brits set out w/ troops, by spring

Edward Braddok commander of troops

            Sets off to attack Ft. Ducain

                        Doesn’t get there

Massacre At Mystic Comprehension Q's

           1. They were at an uneasy peace. Both groups had items the other wanted; the Pequots wanted axes, metal, English goods; the English wanted Wampum (shell beads) for trade with interior tribes. The two groups were never friends exactly, the killing of an Englishman gave the British an excuse to eliminate the pesky Pequot. The reason they were considered dangerous was because of the total difference in cultures.

2. The Pequot were the most populous and powerful group in the Connecticut River Valley. They controlled trade and were very wealthy. Pequots were politically dominant in comparison to the other tribes.

            3. The Puritans traveled to the new world to seek a place to practice their religion. They believed the Church of England was too close to Rome and too politically influenced. They wanted to have communities and a church that was wholly devoted to god.

            4. The Natives believed that land and property were there to be farmed in different seasons and traveling and coming back to the land was perfectly fine. The Wilderness was not something to be feared. For the Puritans the Wilderness must be tamed to be called property. The natives treated the women as equals, they had a say regarding politics, home life, and a standing in the community. The women worked the field and mainly controlled the food supply. In the Puritans view women were lower class citizens and were not to work in the fields. They kept house and had children. Warfare to the Pequot’s was a necessary thing, however, children and women were spared and it was necessary to “fight fairly”. The Puritans saw elimination as the goal; no real mercy was to be shown.

5. The Dutch ended up on more friendly terms with the Natives. The natural give and take between trading partners was established. They did not end up as a particularly powerful or very major player, such as France, in the new world. This is mainly due to the lack of land and lack of interest in acquiring or fighting with Britain and France for it. The British wanted land; the Natives already inhabited this land. So either the Natives were to give the land without resistance to the British or fight for it. The Native Americans chose to fight for it, thus establishing the relationship permanently.

6. The various religions of the British all saw the way the Natives lived as evil. This evil stemmed from the fact their entire culture was based on different beliefs, God as perceived by the British was unheard of. They worked with the forest as much as possible, moving “farms” from place to place each season.  The Brits thought the wilderness needed to be tamed and leashed. Both views were inherently different so it is hard to say which is correct. However the Natives existed in the Americas far before the Europeans and thus have first claim on the land.

7. Power is what both the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes were after. Both wanted a monopoly on trade, with this they could be the major power when dealing with the British or French. It does not surprise me that Natives fought against other Native groups. Any cultural group in the world has had at one war or wanted to be in a more powerful position. Europeans squabbled amongst each other, Africans warred with one another; why would it be different for Native Americans?

8. The Puritans and the Pequot were headed on a collision course no matter the original intentions. One group invaded the territory of another without permission or intentions to submit to the territory rulers. This makes nothing but a fight of some sort the only resolution as to who controls the property.

9. The newer generation of Pequot managed to prey upon the white man’s weakness: gambling, with a touch of booze thrown in. They constructed a casino on their reservation and continued to buy lands around the business with the profits. The hard work that went into saving themselves must have been tremendous. The builders must have felt relief at the success they were finding after years of a downward spiral.

10. The Treaty of Hartford was not a treaty in the traditional sense of agreement to cease fighting with mutual gain and loss. The British essentially stripped the Natives of any and all rights they may have had prior to the war. Their language, customs, and land were all outlawed. What little were left of the people became servants, if not worse.

11. The historians most likely used accounts from the British reports and Native records. They probably tried to stick with the facts from the British without any of the cover-up or excuses. If it were me I would attempt to attain public records of some sort; these usually contain solid facts with little fluffing. The Native accounts of the Massacre set the tone of the documentary and rightly so. They had the most to loose from the battles so when they lost, they failed memorably. Despite this slight bias the movie seemed very prolific with facts.

12. Before the massacre at Mystic the British were still attempting to ally themselves with the Natives in order to gain land and trading rights. After the slaughter, they decided that it would be alright to just take the land. After all, if they did it one time they could take it again. The whites would continue to take land and destroy Natives for 100 plus years.

Pg 126 8-17

Pg 126 8-17

8.  Promised religious freedom in some states or individualized religions for each colony. Oftentimes lands for newcomers.

9. Tidewater planters had large plantations and lots of slaves usually. Located next to a river usually. They grew rice primarily and other crops that grow well in tropical type weather. The back country farmers were mainly family sized farms with a few slaves. They grew plums, indigo, and other crops.

10. A powerful religious revival that swept through the colonies. It began in the 1720’s

11.  The main group was the Quakers. However, there were large populations of Germans.

12.  The middle colonies had a more fertile type of soil than the northern colonies. This meant that the northern colonies couldn’t rely on agriculture and ended up with a thriving trading economy.

13.  The Iroquois Confederacy was a league of different Native tribes joined together to form an alliance that ensured their power and dominance in trade, politics, and warfare.

14.  The reason Britain created the Navigation Acts was to ensure only Britain benefitted from trade with the colonies.

15. A movement that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society. This eventually influenced the constitution.

16.   The French were forced to give Canada and most of its lands east of Mississippi to Great Britain. Marked end of French power in North America.

17.    In the proclamation King George III declared that the Appalachian Mountains were the temporary western boundary for the colonies. This made many people angry ie land owners.

Un-Complete Nts On Massacre at Mystic

Massacre at Mystic
Shay's Rebellion


1637 English and Allies attacked Natives
1st time English engaged in wholesale slaughter on Natives
1620-1440 People mainly Puritans left from England to New World, for religion
Puritans not expecting Natives
Pequot most powerful group in Southern New England - wealthy, numerous, politically dominant, advanced trade. Man claims sharing is base of their culture
Trade is sort of an understanding between settlers and Natives
Wampang - shell beads originally sacred became trade item, Wampang was needed from coastal tribes to trade with interior tribes
Women were treated as equals, traders, leaders in Pequots.
Women produced most food around 80%
Oppositely organized cultures women had full roles in Native tribes, to natives it seemed they babied wives
1700, 14000 to 4000 Pequots, less heavely affected by disease than other Tribes
Tribes competed with each other for flow of goods from English
As tribes get weaker, English grow bolder
View of land creates boiling pt for Natives and English
English thought of Wilderness as devil, devil children = wilderness people; to tame land is their duty
Natives used land seasonally
Dutch see trade, English see land
Land doesn't need trade
1635-1637 tensions at breaking points; leaders got together and decided Pequots are now enemy (greedy for land)
small raiding parties by natives to harass because they suspected the unpure intentions of Englishmans
English raised to destroy enemies completely by Europe's war
1637 tension about to errupt; May of that year they decided to attack Pequots, to make an example of them 
English landed in Naraggansset; Nar. & Mohheikens allied themselves as they marched to kill Pequots
In Native warfare no killing of Children and women
John Underhill and John Mason leaders of the massacre
Attacked in dark of night while Natives were sleeping
Mason realized that hand to hand waas too dangerous, got a torch and let wigwams & fort burn
Mason & Underhill were professional soldiers, burning was plan B for sucess
Brutality was shocking to Nar. & Moheikens; they even asked English to stop
1 hour for Massacre to kill hundreds of Pequots
Other Pequots came to investigate and see what was wrong
Natives don't fight wars to eliminate whole populatons
English began (week or so) to find and kill all Pequots left
Many Pequots are sold to Bermudas or killed
Treaty of Heartford ended war, most gone already; the Treaty  was cultural genocide, language, customs ALL outlawed
1676 - King Phillips War Narraganssets were all killed


Pequots survivers given to Narraganssets continued to resist
John Winthrop Jr. & Pequot man who was a servant in tribe became friends
300,000 acres for Pequot
1950's Connecticut erased the Pequot name
3 women began a revolution to come back
1960s 1970's group of Pequots began to come back in tribal reservation
1986 they won a land suing suit, they needed a real money making business. They built a casino










Comprehension Questions: 
1. How would you describe relationships between the Puritan settlers and the Pequot 
before the Pequot War? Why do you think these relationships changed so quickly? 



2. Before the arrival of the British, what was the status of the Pequot in the 
Connecticut River Valley? How would you describe their relationships with other 
Native American tribes? 

3. Why did the Puritans travel to the New World? What were their intentions upon 
arrival? 

4. Compare and contrast Puritan and Pequot ideas about the following: land and 
property, division of labor and gender, and warfare? Give examples to back up 
your discussion. 

5. In this program, one commentator suggests that the Dutch colonists favored trade, 
while the British prioritized land. How did the difference in focus shape their 
interactions with Native Americans, and their goals in the New World? 

6. Why were British settlers unhappy with the way Pequot organized their economy 
and relationship to the land? Do you think there was any validity to their concerns? 
Who do you think, if anyone, ultimately had the right to decide who should 
control the land? 

7. Why do you think the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes fought with the Puritans 
against the Pequot? Were you surprised by their actions? Discuss. 

8. One commentator, Tall Oak, ponders how the early colonies would have been 
different if the Puritans had come in peace. How would you answer this question? 
Do you think a different outcome in relations between the Pequot and the Puritans 
was possible?

9. How did the Pequot manage to resurrect their community hundreds of years after 
the massacre? How do you think it would feel to go from devastation to prosperity? 

10. Describe the details of the 1638 Treaty of Hartford, which ended the war. Why 
was the treaty considered to be cultural genocide for the Pequot? 

11. What sources do you think historians used in order to recount the story of the 
massacre at Mystic? What sources might you use if you were trying to create a 
documentary about the early colonies? Do you think this documentary offers a 
balanced and informed view of the massacre? Discuss. 

12. How did the massacre at Mystic changed the United States?

Pg. 106 1-6

Pg 106 1-6

1.     Cash crops that make money easily and are in demand were frequently traded through the triangular trade route, however sustenance farming did not produce enough crops to trade.

2.     Medium sized farms with cash crops such as wheat and cattle; some industrial crafts and shops such as flour making and mining

3.     The land was not very good for farming so it forced the colonists to look elsewhere for sustanence. The large amounts of lumber and the close proximity of ports led to a thriving ship-building economy. With the plentiful amount of ships came trade and trade become the mojor economy.

4.      

	Similarities	Differences
New England	Farmed	Small Scale Sustanance not main economic income
Southern Colonies	Farmed	Larger farms, main economic income

5.     They most likely justified it by saying that the use of slaves created more income for themselves, which would mean higher taxes and more money for the government.

6.     British Colonies to Great Britain: Rice, Tobacco, Indigo, Furs; West Indies to British Colonies: Molasses, Rum, Sugar

Brave New World Notes

1492 sailed
Spain was fueled by an appetite for gold and fear of Prtugals lead in exploration

Columbus kept a reward which did not belong to him for spotting land

Land was Samana Cay

Only gold found was in the earrings worn by the Natives
Enslaved Arawaks

Never reached the mainland of the present USA
Tobacco to Spain in 1555

EUROPE THIRSTY FOR

Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453 it meant an end to the easy spice route that served as the economic lifeline Mediterranean

Prince Henry the Navigator founder of a great scholarly seaport on coastal Portugal

            Bartholomeu Dias – reached Cape Good Hope 1488

            Vasco da Gama – sailed to India 1495

The flat-earth idea was finished by the time Christoper sailed

Columbus lied about the distance of the voyage shortening it about 600 mi to 2400
Pizzaro conquer Incas

WHO DISCOVER AMERICA?

Leif Eriksson reached NA and established a colony called Vinland 1000AD

            Left because of trouble with the skelings or Natives
Ponce de Leon first Euro. to set foot on future land

NATIVE DISOVER AMERICA

Time  Columbus arrived there were millions of Natives

Came over Berringea

Europeans killed 90% of Natives all in the name of progess, civilazation and Christianity

AMERICA NAME

Named after Amerigo Vespucci – an Itallion sailor/explorer

WHERE 1^st EUROPE SETTLEMENTS?

Spanish romed over most America before English even arrived

The Spanish following Columbus began a centur of exploration, colonization and subjigation

If Spanish were there first what was so important about Jamestown?

            Century 1492-1588 exploration brought in gold

            Made lazy in new technologies, didn’t try

            Then British defeated Spanish Armada in 1588 destroying Spanish power

WHAT NW PASSAGE

1576 Sir Humphrey first used the term NW Passage to describe a sea route around NA as he continued to search for a route to China

LOST COLONY

Roanke founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

Most died or fled into the surrounding tribes

JAMESTOWN STARTED
1607 founded

Private enterprise by Virginia Co. aka wealth, money, the green stuff
       founded for profit (gold, timber, blah blah ect.)

Bad choice of location

Gentlemen who were not accustomed to hard work

Many died

CANABALISM!!
1612 - John Rolfe brought tobacco
1619 - women, self-government, slaves

POCA SAVE JOHN SMITH?

John Smith wroite the account about her taking his head in her lap

She was 11 at the time!

John was an adventurer, soldier, privateer

He was instrumental in saving the early Jamestown

         Good trader, forager ruled with an Iron fist

Poca eventually got married to John Rolfe

            John Rolfe brought Tobacco, saving the colony economically

BURGESSES

Despite tobacco profits, Jamestown was not doing fab.

1619 new management was brought to Virginia Company (founders of Jamestown)

Land owning white males composed a council of law with a governor at its head

Lured by prospect of land 6000 came over in 1624

            A census that year showed only 1277 to be alive

            They starved, died in fighting Indians

King revoke charter in 1624 now a royal colony

1619 = 90 women were sent to Jamestown because there were so few

STARTING OF SLAVE TRADE

Portugal had 10 black slaves 50years before Columbus

Spain became a major trader

20 Africans brought over to Jamestown by Dutch slaver ship

WHO PILGRIMS
1630 John WInthrope founed Mass.

1 year after Burgesses 1^st met the Pilgrims founded the second permanent Eng. settlement

102 passenger 50 or so were “pilgrims”102 passenger 50 or so were “pilgrims”

Christopher Jones captain of Mayflower did not follow the correct path

            Followed a more Westernly route

Protestant Reformation in England meant turbulent religious times

            Some English were Catholic others were not

Puritans though Church of England was too close to Rome so they separated

These Puritans that went so far against the Church of England they were forced out of England or “underground”

            Backed financially by London Merchants & Virginia Co. they started for A.

Laned OUTSIDE the range of the Virginia Co.’s land

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

Constructed because of threat of Mutiny by Pilgrim leaders

            People got rowdy cause they were outside of Virginia Co. land

Considered first constitution in American soil

PILGRIM REALLY LAND AT PLYMOUTH ROCK

Brief exploration of  Cape Cod then continued on

Found a broad round harbor they recognized from John Smith’s maps

Dec 16 the Mayflower Passengers reached their new home

No mention of Plymouth Rock in any historical account

            At least 100 yrs later the rock was carved

Came at a bad time to plant

            By spring pnemonia, ill planning, & hard winter cost lives of 52 of them

In March Squanto came 1605. Spoke English, in 1622 died of fever

Wampanoags and Pilgrims became fast friends cause of Squanto

1629-1642 between 14,000 & 20,000 came to West Indies and New England

            Most were Puritans brought over by the Massachusetts Bay Company

WHO STARTED NY

Dutch founded New Netherland in the Hudson Valley

Hudson himself was in explorer in 1609 who staked claims

            Was looking for NW Passage

Dutch became true world power in maritime affairs

            Largest merchant fleet

WHEN DID FRENCH REACH AMERICA

Temporary settlements in New Foundland

1600 – trading post on St. Laurence was founded

Samuel de Champlain key explorer

            1608 – founded Quebec

Mainly interested in trading

1629 English pirate capurtued Quebec

Iroquois powerful enemies of French allies

Good explorers